The Advantages and Disadvantages of Globalization

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Globalization Prepared by Ummul Wara November 2012 Content 1. Introduction - What is Globalization?............................................1 2. Advantages of globalization†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦2 3. Disadvantages of globalization†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦..4 4. Conclusion – to globalize or not to globalize†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.6 5. References Introduction - What is globalization? Globalization can be defined as ‘international integration’, which can be described as the process by which the people of the world are unified into a single society and functioning together. This process is a combination of economic, technological, and political forces (dictionary.com). In simple words, globalization means barrier†¦show more content†¦Globalization builds good relationship between countries as they exchange products. Trade agreements like NAFTA, WTO, EU and ASEAN etc. are done to make the tie stronger and for the ease of trading with each other. It helps to avoid conflicts among countries, promotes understanding and goodwill. Globalization has shrunk the world. People can now have access to any market or any product they want very easily. We can buy Japan made camera without actually going to Japan, we can eat Iranian food in our university campus in Kuala Lumpur, can find coke and Mc D at any corner of the world, China can sell its products at very cheap price to consumers all over the world, Paris can get consumer for their fashion trend even outside their country. 3 Disadvantages of Globalization – The negative effects of globalization come like a fringe with its advantages. As countries companies and consumers are benefitted through globalization process, it is also bringing some disadvantages for them. Companies move to developing and third world countries for cheaper production cost. In those countries may be they do not need to provide the workers any benefits and the salary requirement is lower compared to what they had to pay in the home country. In this way the industrialized countries exploit the labor force of less economically developed country. They pay them less but earn more profit (by reducing labor expense). Child labor is also anShow MoreRelatedAdvantages and Disadvantages of Globalization1098 Words   |  4 PagesGlobalization is an inevitable process which has led to integration amongst different people and countries. It strives to bridge the existing gap between nations by trying to foster healthy trade and investment relationships amongst them. 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This process has effects on the environment, on culture, on politicalRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Globalization2225 Words   |  9 Pagesdoesn’t happen uniformly, and it impacts people in profoundly different ways often dependant on whether they live in core or periphery regions. Globalisation has advantages and disadvantages to people, the process of globalisation may mean that there is advantages to people in some places whilst other places are experiencing disadvantages. It could be argued that globalisation transforms people and places by making them both more interconnected or ‘closer’ together, although globalisation cannot changeRead MoreAdvantages and Disadvantages of Globalization in the Philippines2445 Words   |  10 PagesADV ANATGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF GLOBALIZATION ON THE PHILIPPINE ECONOMY __________________________________________________ A Term Paper Presented to: ANTHONY R. VILLANUEVA Economics Teacher ____________________________________________________ As a requirement for the Fourth Quarter in Economics subject _______________________________________________ Presented by: Adrian R. Ocampo IV-I _______________________________________________ March 2011 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Globalization Of Finance1761 Words   |  8 PagesContagion and the Global Financial Crisis According to Schmukler (2004), financial globalization is not a new concept from the historical viewpoint. However, lately, the concept has grown exceptionally in its scope. Peckham (2013) defines globalization of finance as the degree to which various countries are in interrelated through inter-border financial holdings. Schmukler (2004) notes that financial globalization has various potential benefits as well as risks. Therefore, it is important to highlightRead MoreDiscussion on the Advantages and Disadvantages of Economic Globalization651 Words   |  3 PagesDiscussion on the advantages and disadvantages of economic globalization At present, economy globalization, which can be defined as the expanding world integration through trade, financial flow and knowledge, has significant effect on developed and developing countries. We are living in a world where people can communicate efficiently and enjoy the freedom of exchange of goods and capital. Due to the economic globalization, the material life today is more colorful than before. However, there areRead MoreEvaluate the Advantages and Disadvantages of Globalization for Business1101 Words   |  5 Pagesnot be done, if there was no understanding of cooperative activities of the individual and the concept of teamwork. 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What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Globalization in Its Current Context?1720 Words   |  7 Pagescurrent era of globalization with the first age of globalization (1850s-1920s). What are the advantages and disadvantages of globalization in its current context? Word count: 1530   Unit Coordinator: Dr Tony Ramsay I am going to contrast the current era of globalization with the first age of globalization in many different aspects, in the mean time analysis the merits and demerits of　globalization in its current context. John and Kenneth (2012, p. 28) find that the concept of globalization means the

The Correlation of Psychological Stress amd Human Body’s Response Free Essays

This article looks at different ways, methods and ideologies to have to deal with stress on a daily basis. There continually is research being done to look at the effects of it as well as causes of it. The way it impacts a person†s health is the subject of many research endeavors. We will write a custom essay sample on The Correlation of Psychological Stress amd Human Body’s Response or any similar topic only for you Order Now So a few suggestions were made and printed to help those on a daily basis. Scientists are studying the correlation between psychological stress and the human body†s immune response to come with a better management for certain diseases. The body responds to stress in the â€Å"fight or flight† syndrome. When such a time that the body can not adapt anymore to the numerous stressful events, diseases set in. Symptoms affecting the immune system, blood pressure, cholesterol and blood sugar levels occur, which often lead to certain diseases. Adverse effects include behavioral problems, weight gain, among others. Researchers advocate that prolonged exposure to stress can lead to adverse physiological changes and that managing stress can help people lead longer, healthier lives. Know what â€Å"triggers† your anger by keeping a journal to record what is happening when you get angry. Recognize the humor in a situation, but make sure the laugh†s on you, not on the other person. Practice relaxation techniques and mediate or focus your thoughts on something pleasant. This article gave some interesting pieces of advice, some making your more aware of looking at different situations. Also helped me to see the number of pieces of research that is being done in the area of reducing stress, especially in those areas of society where the job you have may bring more than you can handle. How to cite The Correlation of Psychological Stress amd Human Body’s Response, Essay examples

Environmental Science and Technology †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Environmental Science and Technology. Answer: Introduction The aim of the assignment is to discuss the occupational health and safety hazards of workers in chain of restaurants. The assignment is based on the personal experience as a worker in a small restaurant in busy and big food court. The report demonstrates the understanding of the hazard, risk and risk management. The report defines the hazards attendant to the situation. It elaborates on the principles applied in assessing the nature and severity of risk. In this assignment, the risk management interventions used in consideration with the hierarchy of controls are discussed. Lastly, the report highlights monitoring of the efficacy of risk management regime and factors that may influence the control measures. The hazards attended to the food service situation Verma et al. (2011) are- Same level falls- may be due to slippery conditions that may cause strains and sprains Injury due to sharp objects like knives, hot cooking equipment and cold objects Heavy lifting- musculoskeletal injuries, repetitive works such as carrying food on tray, kneading dough or standing for prolonged period while cooking, collision with food containers or forklifts Electrical hazards and fire hazards due oven and gas stove Exposure to noise in busy food court Biological hazards- grain dust, food contamination, high level of humidity and lack of ventilation Chemical hazards- due to chemicals used in cleaning operations or for disinfecting the food preparing areas Elaborate on the principles of risk assessment Risk assessment is an important component of the risk analysis. Risk assessment is the scientifically based process and must be conducted systematically as per the ISO 31000 guidelines, which also includes the quantitative and qualitative approach (Purdy 2010). It includes evaluation of the hazards resulting from restaurant work in food court. The risk is assessed is by identifying the hazard, characterisation, exposure assessment and risk characterization. Hazard characterisation is the quantitative and/or qualitative evaluation of the nature of the risk due to chemical, biological and mechanical source of hazards in food service. The general type of risk assessment that can be used for this purpose is risk rating (Bullock et al. 2011). Risk rating indicates the likelihood, nature and possible severity of injury. Risk rating refers to expressing the way in which the consequences occur and their likelihood. The likeliness indicates the nature of the risks and its severity (Ho 2012). I would apply the guidelines of controlling the risks in the workplace (Ruan et al. 2012). Based on personal observation and discussions with co-workers I would identify the hazards. To identify hazards I would look around for chemicals, faulty equipments and kitchen activities that are causing harm. Identification of hazards will include both long term and short term hazards present in the workplace. The next step would include identifying who might be harmed and how. This step may include considering the special requirements at work and effect of kitchen activities at workplace. Then I would evaluate the risks and decide on the precautions on intervention that are reasonable and practical. I would record the risk assessment findings as depicted in the figure below. The records will be shared with managers and put in place. Lastly, the risk assessment will be reviewed and make necessary amendments in agreement with the managers. If the risk assessment is correct, then people will be safe (Bennett et al. 2010). Applying the risk rating principle it can be said that the hazards that are very likely are slips, trips, falls, and biological hazards due to food handling. It means that this risk is of severe nature and must be addressed immediately. The hazards likely are chemical hazards, problems due to kitchen fumes and ventilation. These hazards are less severe. Those that are moderate likely are violence due to customers, unlikely are fires or related accidents and highly unlikely are electricity hazards. Risk management interventions According to Trees (2015), the widely accepted system for any workplace to minimise the risk or eliminate the exposure to hazards is the Hierarchyof hazardcontrol. This widely accepted system is accepted by safety organisation and is widely promoted. As per this system, the hazard interventions for control of risk are used in decreasing effectiveness. It includes the steps elimination, substitution, engineering controls, administrative controls and personal protective equipment. Personal intervention includes maintaining occupational health and safety standards as high possible. The most effective hazard control is the elimination of risk by physical removal. In my profession, it would involve immediate cleaning of contaminated substances or water on the floor that may cause a slip or a fall. Keeping the pathways clean, to avoid collisions from food containers or when laying out the process flow activities is my intervention. I would like to keep the microwave ovens below shoulder heights and remove the table and chairs removed from workplace. A fume hood is the other intervention for eliminating the airborne contaminants. Use of exhaust ventilation will prevent biological hazards. Use of efficient cashier can prevent violence with crimes at cash counter and due to hold-ups. Use of correct postures for repetitive work is safe (Huang et al. 2012). The second most effective hazard control method is the replacement of hazard causing factor with the one that will not cause harm or risk (Ward et al. 2010). Workplace interventions in this regard may include use of height adjustable trolleys to transfer heavy objectives instead of manual handling to minimise the risk of musculoskeletal injuries. Further, stacks of cold drinks and other boxes and crates can be kept at level that may cause less risk when they fall on ground. I would like to replace the knives with automatic food cutters. Replace expired chemicals and replace with chemical (disinfectants and dishwashing detergents) containing material safety datasheet (Verma et al. 2010). Use of engineering controls is the third method where people can be isolated from hazards. It may include high capital cost when compared to other methods in hierarchy. Personal interventions may include recommending the management for demarcating the transport passages and working areas. The authority is requested to place handrails on stairs to prevent falls and to install fume hoods (Feng 2013). Administrative control is the change in the way people work which may include installation of signs, warning labels on equipment at work place and electricity rooms, training of employees. These may not remove hazards but prevent or limit the exposure to risk (Yu et al. 2017). Personal intervention for my occupation includes training on use of fermentor, pasteuriser, and electrical equipments for setting hot or cold conditions during food preparation. I have requested the management for training in proper lifting techniques for heavy items in workstation. I will place proposal to the manager to increase the workspace. Other intervention may include use of warning sign and method of use on electrical equipments and other instruments that need careful handling. Danger signs are used wherever necessary to alert the employees in food court. Job rotation is the effective method to avoid repetitive work (Bradford-Knox et al. 2016). Regular health check-up is the last resort I would use to maintain safety. Use of personal protective equipment or PPE is the last method used for hazard control. PPEs may include gloves, masks, and safety footwear (Verma et al. 2010). For my workplace I would use gloves to prevent from knife cuts, anti-slip footwear to prevent falls and use mask to prevent inhalation of dust or fumes. I have improved on personal hygiene practice such as hand wash with alcohol or gel-based solution whenever handling food. Protective clothing is used to prevent catching of fire. I would use ear plus in the event of excess noise (Lelieveld et al. 2016). Monitoring the efficacy of risk management To monitor the efficacy of the risk management regime, I would use set of checklists as per OHS in restaurant industry by government of Australia (Commerce.wa.gov.au. 2017) and is briefed below - Manual task safety checklist- will be used to ensure access to shelves and chest freezers are not obstructed, and work pathway is clean (refer appendix for checklist) Slips and trips safety checklist- To check the reduction of falls and slips with safety measures in place. This checklist ensures if the floors and ramps are free from obstructions (refer appendix for checklist). Kitchen safety checklist- to ensure safety knife and aerosol oil can handling procedures are in place (refer appendix for checklist) Emergency procedure checklist- includes checking of fire safety signs and labels in the electrical equipment and highlighting and warning signs in place (refer appendix for checklist). Machine guarding- to evaluate the effective use of machinery as per guidelines to ensure that the highest level of guarding that is practical is provided at workplace (refer appendix for checklist). Using these checklists, it is possible to monitor if there is decrease in the injuries related to knives, collisions, slips and falls. The factors that may hamper the control measures (Jahan 2013) are- Lack of induction or training of new employees- that may lead to mishandling of equipments Poor adherence to safety standards- for instance avoiding the use of PPE and apron wherever necessary Lack of regular investigation and safety audits- may lead to failure to check the poor security at work, identification of risks and early prevention Conclusion Health and safety risks are inevitable in any organisation or occupation. It is possible to minimise or manage the risks of maintaining the occupational health and safety hazard standards of Australia specific for chosen occupation. Following the hierarchy of control for risk reduction is effective method to prevent injuries at workplace. It can be concluded from the assignment that there is a need of carrying the risks assessment regularly in restaurants to determine the risk associated with the identified hazards in food courts. It helps develop effective interventions. Monitoring the efficacy of the intervention is the other important step to ensure the interventions are successful in mitigating the risks. References Bennett, J.B., Aden, C.A., Broome, K., Mitchell, K. and Rigdon, W.D., 2010. Team resilience for young restaurant workers: research-to-practice adaptation and assessment.Journal of Occupational Health Psychology,15(3), p.223. Bradford-Knox, R., Kane, K. and Neighbour, S., 2016. Approaches to Food Safety Hazard Control and Risk Management: A Case Study of Preston City Councils Food Safety Compliance Strategy.International Journal of Management and Applied Research,3(1), pp.14-29. Bullock, J., Haddow, G. and Coppola, D.P., 2011.Introduction to homeland security: Principles of all-hazards risk management. Butterworth-Heinemann. Commerce.wa.gov.au. 2017.OSH in the RESTAURANT industry. [online] www.commerce.wa.gov.au. Available at: https://www.commerce.wa.gov.au/sites/default/files/atoms/files/restaurants_2015-16.pdf [Accessed 24 Oct. 2017]. Feng, Y., 2013. Effect of safety investments on safety performance of building projects.Safety science,59, pp.28-45. Ho, D.E., 2012. Fudging the nudge: information disclosure and restaurant grading.Yale LJ,122, p.574. Huang, Y.H., Verma, S.K., Chang, W.R., Courtney, T.K., Lombardi, D.A., Brennan, M.J. and Perry, M.J., 2012. Supervisor vs. employee safety perceptions and association with future injury in US limited-service restaurant workers.Accident Analysis Prevention,47, pp.45-51. Jahan, N., 2013.Practices and perceptions of introductory OHS education in secondary schools: towards a conceptual framework for effective OHS education for young workers(Doctoral dissertation). Lelieveld, H.L., Holah, J. and Gabric, D. eds., 2016.Handbook of hygiene control in the food industry. Woodhead Publishing. NR, P.M., de Oliveira Matias, J.C. and dos Reis Baptista Teixeira, R., 2012. Implementation of hazard analysis critical control points (HACCP) in a SME: Case study of a bakery.Polish Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences,62(4). Purdy, G., 2010. ISO 31000: 2009setting a new standard for risk management.Risk analysis,30(6), pp.881-886. Ruan, J., Xue, M. and Xu, Z., 2012. Risks in the physical recovery system of waste refrigerator cabinets and the controlling measure.Environmental science technology,46(24), pp.13386-13392. Trees, D., 2015. Hazard Identification, Assessment, and Control. Verma, S.K., Chang, W.R., Courtney, T.K., Lombardi, D.A., Huang, Y.H., Brennan, M.J., Mittleman, M.A., Ware, J.H. and Perry, M.J., 2010. A prospective study of floor surface, shoes, floor cleaning and slipping in US limited-service restaurant workers.Occupational and environmental medicine, pp.oem-2010. Verma, S.K., Lombardi, D.A., Chang, W.R., Courtney, T.K., Huang, Y.H., Brennan, M.J., Mittleman, M.A., Ware, J.H. and Perry, M.J., 2011. Rushing, distraction, walking on contaminated floors and risk of slipping in limited-service restaurants: a casecrossover study.Occupational and environmental medicine,68(8), pp.575-581. Ward, J.A., De Castro, A.B., Tsai, J.H.C., Linker, D., Hildahl, L. and Miller, M.E., 2010. An injury prevention strategy for teen restaurant workers: Washington state's ProSafety project.AAOHN journal,58(2), pp.57-65. Yu, H., Neal, J., Dawson, M. and Madera, J.M., 2017. Implementation of Behavior-Based Training Can Improve Food Service Employees Handwashing Frequencies, Duration, and Effectiveness.Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, p.1938965517704370.

PananaliksikReference Essays - Actors, Filipino Actors,

KABANATA I Rasyonale Sa panahon kung saan lahat ng kabataan ay tila alam na ang lahat ng bagay sa mundo, hindi maiiwasan ang sakitan at samaan ng loob. Sa mabilis na pag-ikot ng mundo kasabay ng mabilis na pagkatuto ng mga tao sa anumang bagay sa kanyang paligid, laganap ang isang di pangkaraniwang suliranin na kung saan ang mga kabataan ang madalas na nabibiktima rito. Ang kabataan ay namulat sa tinatawag na "bullying". Ang pag-uugali ng isang bata ay nakukuha sa mga kaugalian ng mas nakakatanda sa kanila, mga nagaganap sa kanyang sarili o kanyang kapaligiran. Halimbawa ng mga pangyayaring nakakaapekto sa bata ang pasya ng mga magulang na maghiwalay, paglipat ng paaralan, at pagkaligalig (istres o presyon). Ang pambubully at paulit-ulit na panunukso ay isang agresibong pag-uugali na nagdudulot ng negatibong epekto sa taong dumaranas nito. Ito'y maaaring human tong sa depresyon na maging sanhi ng pakawalang-tiwala sa sarili o di kaya ay pagkamatay. Nakakagambala ito sa kaginhawaan o kagalingan at pag-unlad ng batang may ganitong asal at maging sa batang naaapi. Paglalahad ng Suliranin Ang pananaliksik na ito ay isinagawa bilang pagtugon sa isang pangangailangang makapangalap ng impormasyon upang magbigay kaalaman at magpalaganap ng awareness sa bawat indibidwal na may kinalaman sa isyung tinatalakay sa pag-aaral na ito. Nais nang pag-aaral na ito na matuunan ng pansin ang suliraning ito na patuloy ang paglaganap sa ating mga paaralan. Sa pamamagitan ng pagsulat ng pamanahong papel na ito, madagdagan pa ang mga malalaman ng mga mambabasa ukol sa isyung ito. Ang mga sumusunod ay mga tiyak na katanungang inaasahang matugunan sa pag-aaral na ito: 1. Ano ang bullying? 2. Anu-ano ang mga katangian ng mga taong binubully at nambubully? 3. Bakit may nambubully? 4. Sinu-sino ang kadalasan nagiging biktima ng pambubully? 5. Ano ang dapat gawin kung ikaw ay naging biktima ng pambubully? 6. Paano mapipigilan ang pambubully? 7. Anu-ano ang mga batas tungkol sa bullying? Saklaw at Delimitasyon sa Pag-aaral Ang pananaliksik na ito ay nakatuon sa pagkalap ng datos at saloobin ng mga mag-aaral sa usaping "bullying" sa Antas Tersyarya sa Asian College of Technology, Lungsod ng Cebu, isang pribadong mas mataas na institusyong edukasyonal na binubuo ng iba't ibang kolehiyo tulad ng Computer Studies, Business Studies, Arts and Sciences, Education, Engineering, at Nursing. Ang pag-aaral ay sumsaklaw sa dalawampo (20) mga respondente na mga mag-aaral ng Asian College of Technology na pawang may kursong Bachelor of Science in Information Technology. Kabilang dito ang walong (8) kababaihan at labindalawang (12) kalalakihang mag-aaral. ----------------------- Epekto ng Pambu-bully 6 lalong pinahahalagahan ng kanilang grupong kinabibilangan at mas "appealing" sa mga grupo ng kababaihan. Sinasaad naman sa teoryang "attraction" ni Bukowski, dahil sa kagustuhan ng mga kabataang mahiwalay sa kanilang mga magulang, sila ay naaakit sa ibang mga kabataang nagtataglay ng mga katangiang nagpapakita ng kalayaan, (hal. pagpapabaya, pagka-agresibo, at pagsusuway) at hindi naman sila gaanong naaakit sa mga kabataang nagtataglay ng mga katangiang higit na naglalarawan ng pagkabata o "childhood", (hal. pagkamasunurin) (Bukowski et al., 2000, Moffitt, 1993). Ayon sa mga may-akda, naiimpluwensyahan ng mga "peer group" ang mga kabataan sapagkat naaakit sila sa pagkaagresibo ng mga ito. Konseptwal na Balangkas Nabuo ang konsepto ng pananaliksik na ito sa pamamagitan ng pagbatay sa mga ginamit na teoryang nakalap ng m ananaliksik. Ayon sa teoryang "ecological systems" ni Bronfenbrenner, ang isang mag-aaral ay nasa pinakasentro ng lipunang kanyang kinabibilangan kung saan malaki ang posibilidad na maimpluwensyahan siya ng mga indibiduwal na nasa kaniyang kapaligiran. Ang mga kagawian o kaugalian na makukuha niya rito ay maaaring magdulot sa kaniya ng mga tuwiran o mga di-tuwirang epekto. Nahinuha ng mananaliksik na isa iyon sa mga dahilan kung bakit may mga batang nambu-bully at nabu- bully kaakbay na rin ng teoryang "dominance" ni Pellegrini at teoryang "attraction" ni Bukowki. Kaya naman, nagtulak ito sa mananaliksik na alamin ang mga epekt ong dulot nito sa ibat ibang aspeto ng isang indibiduwal partikular na sa pisikal, mental, sosyal at moral. Nais din ng Epekto ng Pambu-bully 7 mananaliksik na tukuyin ang mga dahilan sa pananaw ng mga biktima at ang mga pamamaraang isinagawa nila upang maiwasan ito. Kung kayat naghanda ang mananaliksik ng isang bukas na talatanungang sarbey na magdidikta sa mga sagot sa suliranin ng pag-aaral. Metodolohiya ng Pananaliksik Ang mananaliksik ay gumamit ng deskriptibong metodo sa kwantitatibong uri sa pangangalap ng datos. Ang metodong

Biography of John Dalton, the Father of Chemistry

Biography of John Dalton, the 'Father of Chemistry' John Dalton (September 6, 1766–July 27, 1844) was a renowned English chemist, physicist, and meteorologist. His most famous contributions were his atomic theory and color blindness research. Fast Facts: John Dalton Known For: Atomic theory and color blindness researchBorn: September 6, 1766 in Eaglesfield, Cumberland, EnglandParents: Joseph Dalton, Deborah Greenups.Died: July 27, 1844 in Manchester, EnglandEducation: Grammar schoolPublished Works:  New System of Chemical Philosophy, Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of ManchesterAwards and Honors:  The Royal Medal (1826), the fellowship of the  Royal Society of London  and the Royal Society of Edinburgh, honorary degree from the  University of Oxford, associate of the French  Academy of Sciences,Notable Quote: Matter, though divisible in an extreme degree, is nevertheless not infinitely divisible. That is, there must be some point beyond which we cannot go in the division of matter....I have chosen the word â€Å"atom† to signify these ultimate particles. Early Life Dalton was born into a Quaker family on September 6, 1766. He learned from his father, a weaver, and from Quaker John Fletcher, who taught at a private school. John Dalton started working when he was 10 years old and began teaching at a local school at age 12. Within just a few years, despite their lack of higher education, John and his brother started up their own Quaker school. He could not attend an English university because he was a Dissenter (opposed to being required to join the Church of England), so he learned about science informally from John Gough, a mathematician and experimental physicist. Dalton became a teacher of mathematics and natural philosophy (the study of nature and physics) at age 27 at a dissenting academy in Manchester. He resigned at age 34 and became a private tutor. Scientific Discoveries and Contributions John Dalton actually published in a variety of fields, including mathematics and English grammar, but he is best known for his science. Dalton kept meticulous daily weather records. He rediscovered the Hadley cell theory of atmospheric circulation. He believed air consisted of about 80% nitrogen and 20% oxygen, unlike most of his peers, who thought air was its own compound.Dalton and his brother were both colorblind, but this condition had not been officially discussed or studied. He thought the color perception might be due to a discoloration inside the liquid of the eye and believed there was a hereditary component to red-green color blindness. Although his theory about discolored liquid did not pan out, color blindness became known as Daltonism.John Dalton wrote a series of papers describing gas laws. His law on partial pressure became known as Daltons Law.Dalton published the first table of relative atomic weights of atoms of the elements. The table contained six elements, with weights relative to that of hydrogen. Atomic Theory Daltons atomic theory was by far his most famous work; many of his ideas have proven to be either completely correct or largely correct. In fact, Daltons contributions have earned him the nickname, the father of chemistry. According to the Science History Institute, Daltons atomic theories developed during his explorations of meteorology. He discovered, through experiments, that the air is not a vast chemical solvent as  Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier  and his followers had thought, but a mechanical system, where the pressure exerted by each gas in a mixture is independent of the pressure exerted by the other gases, and where the total pressure is the sum of the pressures of each gas. This discovery led him to the idea that the atoms in a mixture were indeed different in weight and â€Å"complexity.† The idea that there are multiple elements, each made up of its own, unique atoms, was absolutely new and quite controversial at the time. It led to experimentation with the concept of atomic weight, which became the basis for later discoveries in physics and chemistry. Daltons theories can be summarized as follows: Elements are made of tiny particles (atoms).Atoms of one  element are exactly the same size and  mass as other atoms  of that element.Atoms of different elements  are different sizes and masses from each other.Atoms cant be further subdivided, nor may they be created or destroyed.Atoms rearrange  during chemical reactions. They may be separated from each other or combined with other atoms.Atoms form chemical compounds by combining with each other in simple, whole number ratios.Atoms combine according to the rule of greatest simplicity, which says if atoms only combine in one ratio, it must be a binary one. Death From 1837 until his death, Dalton suffered a series of strokes. He continued to work until the day he died, supposedly recording a meteorological measurement on July 26, 1844. The following day, an attendant found him dead beside his bed. Legacy Some points of Daltons atomic theory have been shown to be false. For example, atoms may be created and split  using fusion  and fission (although these are  nuclear processes  and Daltons theory does hold for chemical reactions). Another deviation from the theory is that isotopes  of atoms of a single element  may be different from each other (isotopes were unknown in Daltons time). Overall, the theory was immensely powerful. The concept of atoms of elements endures to the present day. Sources: â€Å"John Dalton.†Ã‚  Science History Institute, 31 Jan. 2018.Ross, Sydney. â€Å"John Dalton.†Ã‚  Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, 9 Oct. 2018.

Essay on Yolo or Carpe Diem

Essay on Yolo or Carpe Diem â€Å"Yolo† is a popular acronym used these days as a take on â€Å"Carpe Diem,† or seize the day. It stands for â€Å"You Only Live Once.† It has implications of it being okay to make stupid mistakes because each and every one of us lives once, we think. Life is short, we all know that, and we – well, most of us – want to live life to the utmost fullest, in turn getting everything we can out of life. After all, it is a wonderful, beautiful gift: Life. But we didn’t ask for it. As a matter of fact, it takes some people a lifetime to figure what it means to be alive. â€Å"Yolo† may be a term used by the youngsters of today, as heard in songs by Adam Levine and Drake, but it carries meanings and implications that are universal and everlasting. The phrase is too often used by the hipsters of today in the United States to make excuses for their dumb mistakes. The phrase will never catch on and be used ubiquitously by the American people – or other nationalities, either – because it is cumbersome to say and even harder to care about and remember. To the ordinary person, it sounds like some frozen yogurt brand nobody wants to try, or some variation of the color yellow. But the acronym has good intentions. â€Å"You Only Live Once† reminds one of a hopeful youth, of seeing and wanting the best in life, of seizing the day because tomorrow is not promised – nor is even the next moment. Nonetheless, the wrong people seem to be using the term. They are the slackers who don’t take blame for their impulsive, risky decisions, and then when the problems arise from the decisions, they blame it on â€Å"You Only Live Once.† But it’s just one more way to enable these kinds of behaviors where judgment is lacked. Also, the mentality attached to this word provides people more reasons not to blame themselves for when they make a monumental mistake. They blame it on â€Å"Life† and not their own erroneous decision. What does this create? A bunch of cultures which don’t hold themselves accountable for their actions. SAMPLE ESSAY ABOUT HAPPINESS So this â€Å"Yolo† mentality is not so cut and dry. It is good and bad. It is both a hindrance and an empowering philosophy, depending on the person using it and how they use it. But it is being used nonetheless. Most people want to get all they can out of life, and so, in this case, it is quite motivating. â€Å"Yolo† can be inspirational to those trying new things – who want to take calculated risks, meet new people, take exciting trips, etc. It can mean understanding what it means to be born to die – and in between, there are opportunities to make the most out of this crazy life. In between birth and death, there is of course suffering, problems, the death of others, bad people and bad experiences – but there is also love and hope and family and beauty. Unfortunately, this â€Å"Yolo† philosophy does not seem to focus on the most optimistic aspects of life. It seems more that this philosophy only provides excuses for young rich kids to account for their immature, impulsive, selfish actions. The phrase will never be used by the masses like â€Å"Carpe Diem.† It is one more excuse for spoiled American kids to put off growing up and becoming responsible, productive adults. It is really quite a pathetic, irritating notion to people who don’t have the luxury of staying children their entire lives, putting off adulthood because it doesn’t suit them. â€Å"Yolo† is an irritating acronym, one that is not only confusing to most people but one that will just never catch on. Only the young hipsters will use it, and they are not â€Å"mainstream† anyway.

The 'New Look' in Foreign Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The 'New Look' in Foreign Policy - Essay Example or action against the Soviets, and Eisenhower's inability to confront them militarily in Europe or elsewhere that instigated the rationale behind the 'New Look' foreign policy that began in 1954. The concept was to create a large-scale nuclear force capable of massive retaliation. The plan was highly controversial when Eisenhower introduced it and it was considered impractical by both the Navy and the Army (The Army and the New Look, 2001). They viewed the plan as being carried out at the expense of a reduction in forces that would be required to fight a more convention style war. The critics "[...] denounced the 'New Look' as a dangerous gamble likely to force the US in the event of a crisis to choose between a humiliating climb down or the unleashing of a mutually devastating nuclear exchange with the Soviet Union" (Dockrill & Hopkins, 2006, p. 59). The Army insisted that the budget adequately fund a conventional force. The Secretary of Defense would often find himself negotiating among the services for scarce funding. According to the US Army Office of History, "As the Air Force's share of the budget increased in the mid-fifties to procure expensive bombers and missiles an d as the United States' capability to wage less than general nuclear war decreased, opposition to the massive retaliation policy mounted" (The Army and the New Look, 2001). Because the 'New Look' was aimed at massive retaliatory capability, it was primarily aimed at the Air Force. This meant reduction in Army forces and would cause Army Chief of Staff General Ridgeway to remark, "The present United States preoccupation with preparations for general war has limited the military means available for cold war to those which are essentially by-products or leftovers from the means available for general... Th paper outlines the necessity of 'New Look'. In retrospect, faced with a nuclear threat from the Soviets and their aggressive nature after World War II, the United States did not have a lot of options to attempt to roll back Soviet domination in Eastern Europe. The 'New Look' policies were a reasonable approach in line with the policies of containment practised at the time. Early on into the massive build-up program, it was recognised that nuclear weapons were of no value to discourage an enemy or wage a regional war. When called on to use them in Dien Bien Phu in 1954, Eisenhower was faced with the reality that the eventual outcome was simply too horrendous to ever be of use. Yet, in the long run, the potential of mutually assured destruction may have prevented a major nuclear detonation by either side. The build-up and arms race that resulted from Eisenhower's 'New Look' foreign policy left a deep and lasting impression on the American psyche. It created the biggest arms race in the history of the world and as for preventing a nuclear attack, whether it did or not, we are certain that it did not happen.

Relevance of Portfolio Theory and Capital Asset Pricing Model Essay

Relevance of Portfolio Theory and Capital Asset Pricing Model - Essay Example In fact risk taking is directly linked to larger amount of earnings. In order to lure investors, risky investments must offer greater returns. Actually risk and returns go hand in hand. It is the belief of investors to distribute their risks and so they diversify their investments as well. They always like to make their investments in a portfolio of assets as they never like to stack all their eggs in one basket. Hence what really matters is not the risk and returns alone, but the risk and return on a portfolio of assets on the whole. According to James Bradfield (2007, p167) an assortment of securities is known as a portfolio. Portfolio theory is a conventional scrutiny of the relationship between risk and return on the risky securities. The rate of returns is particularly measured through alpha, beta, and R-squared. A random variant denotes the rate of return from a portfolio. The computation of the probability distribution generating the returns rate of the security contained in the portfolio depends on the probability distribution creating the value for the portfolio. The hypothesis is helpful for a patron. It helps them to decide and allocate their funds in risky securities thus creating a portfolio. This investment indicates the preferences with regard to the combination of risk and anticipated returns of the investors. The CAPM is a link between the risks and returns on the investments. After (Sharpe, William F.1964, pp. 425-442) developed the CAPM theory several other researchers have developed the theory with giving importance to the diversifiable and non-diversifiable risks of different investments. Previously the CAPM had only a single risk factor which was the risk of the entire movement of the market. This risk is denoted as "market risk" and the formula for CAPM is as follows: E (Ri) = Rf +i [E (RM) - Rf] Where E (RM) = expected return on a "market portfolio" i = measure of methodical risk of asset i comparative to "market portfolio". "The expected return for an asset i according to CAPM is equal risk free rate plus a risk premium" (Frank J. Fabozzi and Harry Markowitz, 2002, p.67). Later on research was conducted and the creators of CAPM theory related diversifiable which are unsystematic risks and non-diversifiable which are systematic risks for all the securities in the portfolio. Some management individuals conceived that CAPM is not genuine as it dominates participating management and investment study. Frank J. Fabozzi and Harry Markowitz states "even though the idea is not true it does not mean that the constructs introduced by the theory are not important. Constructs introduc

Practical on Enthalpy Changes Between Acids and Bases Essay Example for Free

Practical on Enthalpy Changes Between Acids and Bases Essay Introduction All life on earth depends on the transfers of energy in chemical reactions. So that measurements can be made when energy is transferred during chemical reactions, that have to be carried out under controlled conditions. A special name is given to process where energy is transferred and exchanged with the surroundings, when taking place under constants pressure. The special name given to this type of process is Enthalpy. When chemical reactions take place they release energy to the surroundings. There are also special names given to these kind of energy transfers. They are called exothermic and endothermic reactions. Out of these two types exothermic reactions are most easily detected. This is because in exothermic reactions energy is realised to the surroundings and is detected by temperature rise. But some chemical reactions only occur when energy is put into them from an external source. Reactions which require this sort of input are called endothermic reactions. Enthalpy is the total energy content of the reacting materials. The symbol for enthalpy is ?H. Enthalpy is measured during a reaction. Energy is transferred to and from a reaction system and as a result the enthalpy changes. The equation used to calculate the enthalpy is as follows. ? H = mc ?T (H is the enthalpy change, M is the mass of the reacting solution and C is the specific heat capacity for water.) Acids are known as proton donors. Acids have a pH below 7 which varies from one acids to another. What I mean by this is that a strong acid readily gives away protons and is fully ionised in water. A weak acid is reluctant to give up its protons and is slightely ionised by water. Bases are on the other hand the total chemical opposites of acids they are proto acceptors. carry out was to an practical where an acid is basically reacted with a base and the heat produced by the reaction recorded. Health and Saftey During this practical a white lab coat should be worn and safety glasses du the use of acids could be dangerous. Method Refer to sheet given by lecturer Results Strengths Solutions pH of solutions A2 1M Hydrochloric acid 0.68 A1 1M Sulphuric acid 0.32 A3 1M Ethanoic acid 2.42 B1 1M Sodium hydroxide 13.38 B3 1M Sodium hydrogen carbonate 8.42 B2 1M Ammonia 11.39 Key A1 = Strongest acid A3 = Weakest acid B1 = Strongest base B3 = weakest base Acid Base T1 (Temp ?C) T2 (Temp ?C) Temp change (?C) ? H = mc ?T HCl with NaOH 23 30 7 -1170.4 2NaHCO3 23 28 5 -836 NH3 23 29 6 -1003.2 H2SO4 NaOH 22 27 5 -836 2NaHCO3 22 23 1 -167.2 NH3 22 25 3 -501.6 CH3CH2OH NaOH 21 27 6 -1003.2 2NaHCO3 21 20 + 1 167.2 NH3 21 25 4 -668.8 Conclusion After successfully completing my experiment I have concluded a number of things. From my results I have results concluded that there is a relationship in our results to a certain degree. For example the enthalpy for each acid is as follows. The most strongest acid sulphuric acid, which had the lowest pH showed that when mixed with the base sodium hydroxide it gave the highest enthalpy value then the second strongest acid compared to the same base and then the third acids which was the weakest. This showed me that as the acid got weaker the enthalpy values also decreased. The way in which I kept my experiment a fair test was that I made sure that I used the same equipment for example to use the same thermometer each time I made a temperature recording at the start of a reaction and at the end and made sure that each time the thermometer came back to its original temperature. Also I made sure that we used the same digital pH meter and that it was washed everytime after use to remove all impurities so contamination would not occur. Another important aspect was to make sure that the experiment was carried out in the same conditions because if for example the temperature changed this could have affected our practical and results. If I was to conduct this experiment again I would make a number of changes. Firstley one point in the practical which I thought caused chance of error was when reading the meniscus line on the cylinder it was very hard to get this exactly right. A better and more accurate way would have been if we used an pipette it would have made it more accurate. I think another aspect which could cause error was the thermometer which could have used a digital one. And also finally there could have been another area in which error could have been caused is the pH meter this if not cleaned properly could infected my other solutions.

Total Quality Management Essay -- TQM essays research papers

Total quality Management, can be defined as ensuring all departments within any company is focused on achieving customers needs and organisational objectives, ensuring continuous improvement of all organisational processes, including employee participation, teamwork and leadership. If we break down total quality management even further total can be defined as: involving all, elements, participants, and resources with in the Company. While quality is producing or providing products or services of high quality, meeting customer requirements. And finally management must ensure quality is achieved and managed. With out full management co-operation, total quality management will never be successful. For any company to be successful the customer or suppliers whether they are external or internal for example a work colleague, satisfaction must always be seen as the first priority. To enable this, high quality products and continuous improvements in processes must be produced to mainta in a loyal customer base. Any company wishing to achieve success must establish a quality management system, which in turn will produce quality products and services, rather than just identify flawed products or services. With a quality management system it helps any company to achieve its goals and objectives by providing consistency and satisfaction in terms of processes, resources, and equipment and collaborates with all actions of the company. With a good quality system in place, it will reduce waste, lower costs, involve employees, raise moral and meet customer expectations. For a quality system to not function correctly will be down to poor leadership from managers by not giving a clear direction, departments not working together or accepting ... ...ment total quality management, tools and techniques are required. The tools being Pareto analysis, cause and effects diagrams, stratification, check sheets, histograms, scatter charts and process control charts, with examples of techniques being bench marking, cost of quality, quality function deployment, failure mode effects analysis and design of experiments. After using these tools and techniques, any company will need to establish whether there has been a degree of improvement, to deal with this they must utilize self-assessments or conduct regular audits. In conclusion total quality management is a management system used to continually improve all areas of company operations. If companies adopt any of the total quality management guru?s theories, , or even the lean principles, they will enhance the company, its workforce but most importantly its customers.

Sara Lee Corporation

Sara Lee Corporation (Case study) 1. Executive Summary This case study provides an evaluation of Sara Lee Corporation and particularly its operations of product lines available through the Wal-Mart stores. To begin with, an effective SWOT analysis of the company was conducted where strengths and opportunities are identified while addressing possible threats and improving its weaknesses to avoid giving the competition an aggressive advantage. Marketing requires effective identification of issues as a key factor in devising the best methods of addressing them. Therefore, Kirk Nelson identifies the BasicHipster style to be a major problem in the market because it was not doing well. Effective establishment of the best possible solution is therefore critical to maintain the corporation’s market share for the Wal-Mart Account. This analysis generates key alternatives that Kirk Nelson as the Sara Lee Wal-Mart Girl’s Panty analyst should consider in getting out of the current deadlock. This study recommends that Sara Lee Wal-Mart account should retain the FashionBikini due to its better performance compared to the New FashionBikini and introduce back into circulation, the new BasicHipster. . History or introduction Sara Lee Corporation is a fortune 500 company listed on the NYSE. They mainly mass market their diverse product lines of food and beverages, branded apparel, and household products through large retailers like Wal-Mart and Target, but also smaller store as well. Sara Lee, under the Hanes branded apparel operates a produ ct line of underwear called Girls Panty (GP) targeted girls ages 4-12 that include 3 cuts or styles: FashionBrief, FashionBikini and the BasicHipster. The Girl Panty line in Wal-Mart had to meet its sales and supply standards. Sara Lee Corporation maintained high sales due its ability to analyze its products on the basis of the market demand and thereby maintaining the customer’s preference. This case study provides a comprehensive analysis of the corporation’s Girl Panty line in the Wal-Mart account, identifies the strengths and weaknesses, recognizes the marketing problem, generates alternatives, make a recommendation and finally offers an effective implementation strategy. 3. SWOT Analysis Strengths Sara Lee has been identified as having 3 key strengths. First, their ability to employ highly experienced supply chain analysts made it easy for all the members to effectively carry out their roles and cite possible shortcomings on time and come up with workable solutions to address it. Second, Sara Lee’s longtime history has demonstrated that their products built on leadership brands represent high quality, affordable, casual clothing for everyday use, thereby creating brand loyalty and a strong attachment to its products. Finally, relationship building and retention is another key strength for Sara Lee. The trusted partnership between Sara Lee and Wal-Mart was two-fold. Wal-Mart served as a strong distribution channel partner with deep market penetration, while Wal-Mart relied on Sara Lee’s wide portfolio of well-known and established brand names. Weaknesses According to the case, the corporation suffers some weaknesses. To begin with, the girl panty suppliers are international and therefore subjected to key external forces such as cultural factors, religious considerations, strikes and unrests which made supply uncertain (Case, 427). With some of the supplies coming from external suppliers, the waiting period was very long and therefore unpredictable (Case, 427). Sara Lee’s market share for the BasicHipster was performing poorly. A New BasicHipster product was in the process of being developed but not yet primed for distribution. Opportunity One of the key opportunities that Sara Lee had was its ability to establish the need for new products and make them to replace those whose sales were on the decline in the market. According to the case (431), Kirk Nelson was informed of a suitable replacement for the BasicHipster after indicating its poor performance. Threats Notably, Sara Lee had one key threat to its operation in its Wal-Mart Account, the Fruit of the Loom brand. Global competition was fast emerging in regions such as Eastern Europe, South East Asia and the Middle East powered by technology and cheap labor. Due to this global atmosphere, Fruit of the Loom rose as the main competition in the underwear category (Case 426). 4. Case Analysis Sara Lee Wal-Mart account division analysis was the most effective at marketing as it provided a crosscutting evaluation of the product’s performance. Kirk Nelson was deeply involved in generating the most recent information before meeting his boss (Case p. 425). As a result, it acted as a critical organization in promoting sales at the stores at low prices and sustainable supplies (Case 427). As a result, this relationship promoted the internal sales at Wal-Mart while creating the needed impression in other external Sara Lee branches. In addition to that, the corporation had an effective supply from its widespread supply chain by maintaining distribution centers for its products (Case 427). To ensure that the products, promotion, and pricing were perfect, the analysts’ recommendations were subjected to extra scrutiny and further refinement. This reduced possible cannibalization and provided more effective recommendations on aspects such as replacements of less performing products. Even after analyzing the performance of the BasicHipster style, the decision to replace it had to further be analyzed (Case 428 -430). 5. Marketing Problem Due to the lack of performance from the BasicHipster style, it was temporilary replaced with the New FashionBikini until the New BasicHipster was finished. After watching the sales do well for over a year in all three styles: FashionBrief, FashionBikini and the New FashioBikini, the New BasicHipster was ready for the shelf. Should Sara Lee replace the old or the New FashionBikinis with the BasicHipster or should they consider leaving both FashionBikinis selling side by side and not introduce the New BasicHipster? Of course, that decision depends on how well the FashionBikinis (old and new) are working together. Establishing an effective solution to this problem was a key issue in that the product was expected to be free of cannibalization in the market. 6. Alternative Solutions Sometimes analysts make important decisions while generating the sought after revenue and steer their products towards maintaining effective competition. Looking at the marketing problems brings to mind several solutions Sara Lee should analyze. First, Sara Lee management could consider maintaining the status quo as it is, keeping all three lines: FashionBrief, FashionBikini and New FashionBikini. In doing so, they keep their sales steady without risking the loss of market share and shelf space. Since the FashionBrief was preferred by younger girls while the FashionBikini and the New FashionBikini was preferred by the older girls, this apparent age difference only complimented each other because they each had their own target market. The downside to this is having 2 style cuts that are alike such as the FashionBikini and New FashionBikini because the product line lacks the diversity in styles and limits your target segment. Both of the Fashion Styles are not targeted to the economy buyer such as the BasicHipster would be and limits your wide range of pricing for consumers. Second, Sara Lee could consider the option to delete either the FashionBikini or the New FashionBikini and bring back the new and improved BasicHipster while keeping the FashionBrief. According to Kirk, he mentions that the sales of the BasicHipster were performing poorly but no graph or sales figures were provided in the case for a comparison. After charting the sales volume for the exact same year and periods of time between the FashionBikini and the New FashionBikini (see exhibit â€Å"A†), there was a sales increase $125,348 where the FashionBikini outperformed the New FashionBikini by 154%. Keeping in mind that the New FashionBikini was only being sold in 1700 store compared to 2300 stores, the increase was still significant. Since keeping both FashionBikini styles on the shelf along with the Fashion Brief and adding the new BasicHipster was not an option, Kirk would have to make a decision to delete at least one of the Bikini lines. Given the sales data, the one to cut would be the NewFashionBikini. This would give Sara Lee three distinct styles that include a new line of cut, the BasicHipster, which would diversify their product line an appeal to the economy priced buyer and retain the sense of the original hipster to the consumers while giving then a new sense of the market. The downside to this alternative would be risk losing market share. If the BasicHipster was not performing well to begin with maybe bringing the style back might repeat the same results. Again, without numbers to compare, the risk is still prevelant. On the other hand, the BasicHipster is the New BasicHipster with a new color scheme which could result in a greater market shre while appealing to consumers. 7. Recommendation Sara Lee should consider replacing the New FashionBikini with the New BasicHipster based on 3 reasons. First, I had to anaylze the sales of the FashionBikini and the New FashionBikini so I knew which one to elimanite in order to introduce the New BasicHipster. After careful anaylsis I found that the sales of the old FashionBikini were $125,348 or 154% higher than the sales of the New FashionBikini given the same time period. Also, by not having the BasicHipster style on the shelf for over a year, it would create a need for the product by the consumer. Second, a diverse product line in terms of price and cut would be available appealing to the ecomonic consuios buyer with the New BasicHipster, as well as those consumers who desired more colors and print themes as with the FashionBikini and Fashion Brief lines. Lastly, by keeping the FashionBikini and FashionBrief line, the two had already been in the market and would not require the intensive promotion demanded by a new product. In addition, the sales and market share should remain contstant and even increase while the promotion for the New BasicHipster takes hold. 8. Implementation By adding the new BasicHipster a whole new marketing campaign will be designed around the the new product including commercials aimed at young girls ages 4-12 . email marketing, free giveaways, Further analysis to determine possible cannibalization should first be conducted in the Sara Lee Wal-Mart Account to track the sales volume and market share. By introducing the already New BasicHipster, a new advertising and promotion effots will take place informing the consumer of this new line and style choice. Revising the NewFashionTh e for the first year to determine if any changes need to be made. If no changes are required, further analyses of the products lines will contunie for another 2 years until their life cycles are near the end whne 1 and continueof the 3 increase the chances of raising sales of the FashionBikini. Besides, Sara Lee should gradually increase the quantity of the FashionBikini to account for the added sales from the deleted New FashionBikini line while continuing to expand on the growth and promotion of the New BasicHipster to ensure a smooth transition. In addition to that, the corporation should intensify promotion of the FashionBikini to further inform and persuade consumers to buy it at Wal-Mart. Finally, a critical review of the FashionBikini should be maintained to seek consumers’ further preferences while making possible adjustments on their preferences. ———————– Surname 6

Hall Cases Essay

INTERNAL CONTROL CASES 1. Solution Smith’s Market a), b) See diagrams on the following pages. c) Internal Control Weaknesses 1) Access to the cash drawers by sales clerks requires more accountability. Each drawer is accessed by various clerks throughout the day and cash may be withdrawn by any of them. 2) The internal cash register tape should be used as a control to determine how much cash (including checks, and credit card vouchers) should be in the register drawer. 3) The shift supervisor does not sign for the specific amount of cash received or returned at the end of the day. He simply logs the drawers in and out. 4) The treasury clerk is unsupervised in the counting of cash. 5) The treasury clerk has asset custody and responsibility for recording sales and cash in the journal and General Ledger. d) 2.Solution to Spice is Right a), b), See diagrams on the following pages. c) Internal Control Weaknesses 1) No credit check 2) Inventory control function is performed by warehouse clerk. 3) Accounting department bills customer, updates the AR account, and records sales in the Sales Journal thus reducing the opportunity to detect discrepancies between total sales and AR postings. 4) Customer is billed before order is actually shipped 5) Remittance List should be prepared in the mailroom 6) No journal voucher prepared by cash receipts clerk. 7) Cash receipts clerk does not prepare a deposit slip. d) IT Controls for Basic Technology System e) Flowchart of revised system Student responses will vary for this part of the assignment. The following issues, however, need to be addressed. Upgrade stand-alone computers to a networked environment The internal control problems already covered that need to be corrected in the new system. 3. Solution to ABE Plumbing a), b) See diagrams on the following pages. c) Internal Control Weaknesses 1) No Credit check is performed. 2) The sales clerk closes the open sales order causing the sale to be recorded before the goods are actually shipped. 3) The warehouse clerk has asset custody and should not also update the inventory records. 4)The shipping clerk does not reconcile the stock release with the original order. This allows for the wrong items and or quantities to be shipped. 5) Customer is billed before the goods are shipped. Billing should be triggered by shipping notice. Instead, the customer invoice is printed from  the closed sales order, which was prepared before the goods were shipped. d) Flowchart of revised system Student responses will vary for this part of the assignment. The following issues, however, need to be addressed. The internal control problems already covered that need to be corrected in the new system. A system configuration similar to figure 4-18 would be appropriate. 4. Solution to Walker Books a), b), See diagrams on the following pages. c) Internal Control Weaknesses Sales Processing: 1) The credit check is performed by the sales representative 2) The sales department should not be maintain the sales journal 3) The warehouse should not be updating inventory subsidiary ledger Cash Receipts 4) Mail room workers have access to both check and remittance advices. This situation require a reduced span of control and separate mail room procedures for customer payments vs routine mail. 5) The accounts receivable clerk has access to both the checks and the customer accounts d)IT Controls for Basic Technology System e) Revised System Walker Books System Student responses will vary for this part of the assignment but should address the internal control issues already covered. 5. Solution to AV Safety, Inc. a), b), d) See diagrams on the following pages. c) Internal Control Weaknesses 1) No credit check is performed 2) Sales journal is updated before the goods are shipped 3) Warehouse clerk has access to inventory and also update the inventory ledger 4) Mailroom clerk has access to both the remittance advice and the checks, no remittance list id prepared. 5) AR clerk has access to both the checks and the remittance advices d) IT Controls for a Basic Technology System e) Student responses will vary for this part of the assignment, but should address the internal control issues identified above. 6.Solution to Premier Sports Memorabilia a), b), d) See diagrams on the following pages. c) Internal Control Weaknesses 1) Transaction is recorded in Sales Journal before goods are shipped. 2) Warehouse and Shipping functions are combined. This removes control over picking and shipping the wrong products. 3) Mail room clerk should prepare a remittance list to control remittance advices and checks 4) Although not stated in the case as aproblem, the auditor should evaluate network access controls (passwords, access privileges) to ensure a proper segregation of duties d) IT Controls e) Student solutions to this part of the case will vary. The solution should address the control issues identified in part C. 7. Solution to Bait ‘n Reel a, b, and e, see pages that follow c) Internal Control Weaknesses 1) The sales clerk performs the credit check this is a segregation of duties and transaction authorization problem. 2) Warehouse should not update the inventory and General ledger control accounts. 3) AR Clerk should not update the general ledger. 4) Billing and AR are combined. This structure will mask discrepancies between what was billed and what was recorded as a sale. 5) Supervision is needed in the mailroom because employees who open the mail have access to both cash and the remittance advice. 5) The cash receipts clerk has access to the assets (cash) and is responsible for updating the general ledger. 6) See 3 above. d)It Controls

The gears of war

The gears of war Free Online Research Papers Murder for the first time this knowledge comes as an extreme shock. The audience, having a conventional understanding of a lottery, assumes its implications are positive. Jackson decides to title her story â€Å"the Lottery;† thus, deliberately plays off her reader’s assumptions, hiding her subtle yet powerful themes and symbols from their immediate notice. A close examination of the story draws attention to details such as the life and death symbolism found in the names of the town leaders Mr. Summers and Mr. Graves (Nebeker, 101). Revelation of these symbols conveys meaningful clues behind the ordinary activities and dialogue witnessed that day. Once the initial shock of the sacrificial murder has worn off, the title of â€Å"The Lottery† begins to take on a whole new meaning, pointing to man’s blind devotion to tradition. Shirley Jackson uses the phrase â€Å"The Lottery† represent a view on human rituals. Disturbing enough is the fact that the lottery’s origin stems from the pagan ritual of sacrificing a human life for prosperities sake; however, more unsettling is the fact that in â€Å"The Lottery,† the reasoning behind the ritual has long been forgotten. This is evidenced in the story through old Mr. Warner, whose sole voice recalling a vague perception of the lottery’s impact on crop fertility is the only specific reasoning given for the ritual. Notably, some of the townspeople, such as the Adams, appear to have apprehensions about carrying on the tradition; yet, their lack of courage keeps from challenging the status quo (Jackson). From the town’s practice of this meani ngless ritual, Jackson paints a bleak picture of humanity; â€Å"Although the villagers had forgotten the ritual and lost the original black box, they still remembered to use stones.† (Jackson) The violence stands for nothing, but it is all that they remember, and only when the lottery victim faces death, do logic and reasoning find a voice. â€Å"The Lottery,† which at first glances seems to foreshadow prosperity and wealth, actually illuminates man’s tendency to revert to violence when ancient customs go unchecked (Griffian, 46). One critic, Helen Nebeker, comments that the extreme injustice was â€Å"not of hatred, or malice, or primitive fear, but of the primitive ritual itself† (Nebeker, 108). The contrast of this theme in the story to the conventional meaning of the phrase makes â€Å"The Lottery† an ingenious and thought provoking title for this haunting tale. Research Papers on The gears of warThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsMind TravelHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionCapital PunishmentCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoTrailblazing by Eric AndersonRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andWhere Wild and West Meet

The Stoic and the Epicurean Philosophies

The Stoic and the Epicurean Philosophies Which lifestyle, Epicurean or Stoic, achieves the greatest amount of happiness? In his book Stoics, Epicureans and Skeptics, Classicist R.W. Sharples sets out to answer this question. He  introduces readers to the fundamental ways in which happiness is created within the two philosophical perspectives, by juxtaposing the schools of thought to highlight criticisms and commonality between the two. He describes the characteristics deemed necessary to achieve happiness from each perspective, concluding that both Epicureanism and Stoicism agree with the Aristotelian belief that the sort of person one is and the lifestyle one adopts will indeed have an immediate bearing on the actions one performs. The Epicurean Road to Happiness Sharples suggests that Epicureans embrace Aristotles conception of self-love because the goal of Epicureanism is defined as  pleasure achieved through the removal of physical pain and mental anxiety. The Epicureans foundation of belief rests within three categories of desires, including  the natural and necessary,  the natural but not necessary, and  the unnatural desires. Those who follow an Epicurean worldview eliminate all non-natural desires, such as ambition to attain political power or fame because both of these desires foster anxiety. Epicureans rely on the desires that free the body from pain by providing shelter and abolishing hunger through the supply of food and water, noting that simple foods provide the same pleasure as luxurious meals because the goal of eating is to gain nourishment. Fundamentally, Epicureans believe people value the natural delights derived from sex, companionship, acceptance, and love. In practicing frugality, Epicureans possess an  awarene ss of their desires and have the capability to appreciate occasional luxuries to the fullest. Epicureans argue that  the path to securing happiness comes by withdrawing from public life and residing with close, like-minded friends. Sharples cites Plutarchs criticism of Epicureanism, which suggests that achieving happiness through withdrawal from public life neglects the desire of the human spirit to help mankind, embrace religion, and take on leadership roles and responsibility. The Stoics on Achieving Happiness Unlike the Epicureans who hold pleasure paramount,  the Stoics grant the highest importance to self-preservation, by believing that virtue and wisdom are the necessary abilities to achieve satisfaction. Stoics believe reason leads us to pursue specific things while avoiding others, in accordance with what will serve us well in the future. The Stoics declare the necessity of four beliefs in order to achieve happiness, placing the utmost importance on virtue derived from reason alone. Wealth obtained during ones lifetime utilized to perform virtuous actions and the fitness level of ones body, which determines ones natural ability to reason, both represent core beliefs of the Stoics. Lastly, regardless of the consequences, one must always perform his/her virtuous duties. By exhibiting self-control, the Stoic follower lives according to the virtues of wisdom, bravery, justice, and moderation. In contradiction to the Stoic perspective, Sharples notes Aristotles argument that virtue alon e will not create the happiest possible life, and is achieved only through the combination of virtue and external goods. Aristotles Blended View of Happiness Whereas the Stoics conception of fulfillment resides solely in virtues ability to provide contentment, the Epicurean notion of happiness is rooted in the obtainment of external goods, which vanquish hunger and bring the satisfaction of food, shelter, and companionship. By providing detailed descriptions of both Epicureanism and Stoicism, Sharples leaves the reader to conclude that the most comprehensive conception of attaining happiness combines both schools of thought; thereby, representing Aristotles belief that  happiness is obtained through a combination of virtue and external goods. Sources Stoics, Epicureans (The Hellenistic Ethics)D. Sedley and A. Longs, The Hellenistic Philosophers, Vol. I (Cambridge, 1987)J. Annas-J. Barnes, The Modes of Scepticism, Cambridge, 1985L. Groacke, Greek Scepticism, McGill Queens Univ. Press, 1990R. J. Hankinson, The Sceptics, Routledge, 1998B. Inwood, Hellenistic Philosophers, Hackett, 1988 [CYA]B.Mates, The Sceptic Way, Oxford, 1996R. Sharples, Stoics, Epicureans and Sceptics, Routledge, 1998 (How can I be happy?, 82-116) [CYA]

Media Production - This is England Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Media Production - This is England - Essay Example The continuous whisper of ‘war’, soulful blast, and meaningless foreign conflict, which are undertaken for hidden desires and the obscured racism, are a clear reminder of England’s past (Brussat 2013) Location This Is England was entirely filmed in the East Midlands, an irregular landscape of flatlands and estate buildings with poor infrastructure development. Most of the movie’s shooting was done in the residential areas at Nottingham, Lenton, and some parts of St Ann’s. Meadow’s movie production history demonstrates the utilization of countryside region to form spectacular film background. Similarly, Meadow’s in his movie â€Å"This Is England† concentrates much on the countryside as part of the flat landscape, which portrays much of unemployment and few chances of self-development. This environment gives the viewer a chance to meet Shane Meadow’s in his boyhood age of twelve years whose father perishes in the war agains t Argentina (Goldsmith 2006) Themes The death of Shaun father leaves him exposed to tyrants in the streets and school compound whereby one moment a garrulous skinhead schoolmate takes him off course. The fact that Shaun kept his own counsel worsens his anger making it tough for him to get well with other boys, which leads to a lonely self-life in the firsts scenes of the movie. With time, Shaun finds unusual friends who have no taste for education and spent most of their time in criminal activities such as excessive drinking and street fights. Shaun gets a strange haircut to please the gang of skinheads that was much focused on racial antagonism. Fortunately, a conflict arises over the leadership of the gang leading the head of the gang, Woody, to split. Combo an ex-convict takes the readership of the opposing group that seemed to possess racism. The arrival of Combo from prison changes the plot whereby Combo’s numerous fights with blacks in jail led to his acquisition of bel ligerency experience. Combo’s comeback draws boundaries in the gang’s union whereby he challenges the skinheads led by Woody to guard England against external influence and encourages Milky to behave more like an Englishman and not just like a Jamaican (IMDb 2007). During the leadership struggle of the gang, Shaun turns on the side of Combo with a conviction that his father did not die in vain after, which he is trained on combat as well as survival for the fittest techniques. Considerably, â€Å"This Is England† title of the movie and Combo’s entreaty reveal the actual nature of England’s politics and cultural background. A great embrace of English heritage, as brought out by the Combo, shows a sense of social purity and racism. On the other hand, the viewer is able to view England that is struggling to be recognized as being in a mixed state and assimilated by colonial influences, which erode the native English culture and mix it with that of the irs (Goldsmith 2006). However, Meadow’s plot concentrates on the theme where the struggle for heritage gives birth to racism. In a later scene, national front meeting attended by British farmers and factory workers is clandestinely arranged behind a pub, which becomes one of the most scaring parts of the film that is full of engraved terror on what would be the next scene (French 2006) The spilt gang leaders, Combo and Woody, are able to care for honest and bullying skinhead boy under their reign.  

Cardio-vascular disease in the United States Essay

Cardio-vascular disease in the United States - Essay Example In order to target this leading national health problem, The American Heart Association (AHA) updated CVD prevention guidelines for women in early 2007, encouraging the pursuit of a healthy lifestyle early on. In previous decades, CVD was thought to affect greater proportions of American men than women. This was an incorrect conclusion, but reinforced by the fact that clinical trials predominantly used male subjects instead of females, and that women are less likely to show cardiovascular symptoms as early as males. In fact, on average, women begin to show symptoms 10 years later in life then do men. It is evident in the research literature as well as in formal published insurance analyses (Murasko 1746) that women continue to receive less aggressive treatment for CVD events than is provided to men and this inadequate treatment worsens with the patient’s increasing age (Murasko 1755-6, Sarafidis 224; Alter et al. 1916). At the same time, women survive CVD events such as myocar dial infarction (MI) more frequently than do men (ibid.), adding to the US population segment comprised of the elderly with cardiac history, inadequate treatment, and higher long-term medical expenses, because their risk of additional CVD events is 1.5 – 15% higher than average: â€Å"After adjusting for baseline differences, the relative rates of angiography and follow-up specialist care for women relative to men, respectively, fell 17.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 13.6 to 21.3, p â€Å"†¦ for individuals with previously diagnosed heart disease or stroke, a lack of coverage is more strongly associated with lower

Cultural Assessment (M4C) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Cultural Assessment (M4C) - Essay Example Working upon doctrines of mind-body dualism, mechanical analogy, physical reductionism, definite regimen and control, and specific cause for every disease, the Western scientific paradigm offers treatments that are statistically different and proven. It has many implications for health care in U.S. in that it works upon the mind and body separately and the body is considered as a number of interrelated systems working together and any abnormality in any of these systems is cured by treating the cause of that disease. 2. Since, Western science looks at the disease from a mechanistic view, it focuses more on the treatment which makes it very expensive. The body is considered as all materialistic and if something is not seen under the microscope, it means that it does not exist. In a culturally diverse society as U.S., the Western scientific paradigm can be a problem because it may cause cultural clashes between the communities because of difference of opinions and beliefs.

Who Invented Christian Martyrdom Religion Essay

Who Invented Christian Martyrdom Religion Essay The questions of who invented Christian martyrdom and why, and who was the first Christian martyr, are ambivalent in themselves as there cannot be a definite correct answer. When considering the history, many key related figures become apparent. There are three possible areas in which martyrdom may have been invented, these are the Christians, the Jews and the Romans. There is evidence of martyrdom stemming from each of these groups, which will be addressed in this essay. As well as the three groups mentioned above, there are individual examples of those who may have had been responsible for the initial inspiration that formed the invention of martyrdom. The Romans undoubtedly played a large part in the development of martyrdom. The formation of the Roman Empire following the Republican period, created an autocratic empire that ruled the majority of Europe and surroundings areas of the Mediterranean. This gave the first Emperor Augustus and his predecessors power to control the religious institutions. The development of Christianity was seen by the Roman Empire as both superstition and atheism. The first accusations of the Christians came after the Great Fire on Nero in 64. The Christians were a convenient religious group to blame this upon (even though after the fire Nero himself used the landmass to build, making the fire seem extremely convenient for his own uses, which brings about questions of the sincerity of the accusations of the fire) and from this came persecution and execution. Christians were subsequently dealt with in this way, and from this it can be claimed, that martyrdom stemmed from the Roman Empire. Christians were being forced into execution, and through support of their religion they came to prefer death rather than deny their religion and live.  [1]  The Roman Emperors views differed on the prosecution of the Christians. The attitudes were sporadic. Nero, Decian and Diocletion were responsible for serious attacks on Christianity however Trajan was rather lenient to Christians compared to other Emperors. Pliny is somewhat ambivalent, not knowing whether the crime is being a Christian or the secret crimes connected with the name  [2]   It can be argued that Christian martyrdom was invented by the Jews, as it was Jesus himself who died for his faith, and obviously being a Jew this would lead the invention back to Judaism. However as this was pre-Christianity it cannot be said to be the invention of Christian martyrdom, just a moral example. As well as the latter point, Jews had been taught from the early prophets to scorn the religions of his neighbours, even if these for the time being appeared to be more successful in earthly rewards than himself.  [3]   It was of course the Christians themselves who were martyred, but it can be suggested that if it were not for the prosecution of the Christians by the Roman Empire then Christian martyrdom would not have come about at all. There would have been no need to prove their faith. The martyrs became something of an example for other Christians, and inspiration to stick by their faith. The author of source 20 in A New Eubusis states how blessed and noble are all the martyrdoms which have taken place and respects their nobility and endurance and love for their Master.  [4]  As in the words of Polycarp, when told to curse Christ, Polycarp continued to confess himself as a Christian, and when faced with being burnt alive commented that I must needs be burnt alive, so that he might take a portion among the martyrs in the cup of Christ, because he wanted to be a rich and acceptable sacrifice  [5]  This gives evidence to show that despite the imminence of death, their faith would remain. As well as looking at the groups mentioned above, there are certain individuals who can be said to have had a significant effect on the development of martyrdom. Martyrdom can be thought to have originated from the figure of Jesus, and his crucifixion at the hands of the Romans due to his blasphemous claims. Jesus apostles were thought to have emulated him in this way, as nearly all his apostles in turn died at the hands of their beliefs and faith in Jesus. It is this act of Jesus that is claimed by some to be where martyrdom began, making Jesus the inventor of martyrdom. Despite this claim, I would argue that Jesus is an exemplar rather than a creator. Evidence for this statement is clear in the account of Polycarps martyrdom where there are references to crucifixion, the Lord might once again give an example of the martyrdom which resembles the gospel story.  [6]  It is also stated in the martyrdom that Polycarp refused to blaspheme saying For eighty-six years I have been his servant and he has done me no wrong. How can I blaspheme against my king and saviour?  [7]  It also becomes clear in the Martyrs of Lyons and Vienne, 177, where Christ if often mentioned, with references such as then in turn a mighty dispensation of God came to pass, and the measureless compassion of Jesus was displayed , in a manner rarely vouchsafed among the brethren, but not beyond the art of Christ.  [8]  Both letters make clear and relevant that Jesus actions were the incentive, and that his actions gave them the strength and power to die for their beliefs. Although it can be argued that Jesus was the martyr exemplar, he cannot be called a martyr himself. There is very little evidence suggesting he was ever called a martyr. In fact the only time the word is ever mentioned is in Revelation 2:13 and Acts 22:20 with reference to his disciples as martyrs, meaning witness as this is the Greek root of the word. So the word martyr is associated with Jesus death, but with a different meaning and this is further highlighted by a very relevant Christian martyr, Ignatius of Antioch, who didnt even use the Greek word martyr for himself. Another example of what same may call a martyr is Socrates, however in this case, as well as with Jesus, Christianity was not yet born, and so this pre-Christian martyr can only be seen, as Jesus was, as a model for the Christians. This is referred to in Justin Martyrs second apology; Socrates was charged with the same things that we are.  [9]  Both of these examples perhaps give Christians the idea to carry ou t this heroic action. This then calls for an explanation of how the new meaning of the word martyrdom came about. How did it move away from its original meaning and why? As previously said there is ambiguity as to who the first Martyr was, and hence who invented Martyrdom. We have established the neither Jesus nor Socrates were martyrs, so then we come to the Jewish Maccabees, their relevance is highlighted through the way in which Blandina is likened in Lyons and Vienne to the mother of the seven sons. At this point martyrdom had come to mean what it does today as Professor Baron stated there were born that great exaltation of Christian martyrdom which was to dominate the minds of the jews and chritians for countless generations.  [10]  However, the two terms are clearly linked and may be seen to merge together. As the Apostles were witness to the death of Jesus, they then became venerable due to their everlasting faith, and could at anytime be called upon to deny what was witnessed under penalty of death. As the apostles would never deny their beliefs, they moved from being a witness, to being open to the idea of death, which will lead us on to the controversial topic of voluntary martyrdom. St. John, at the end of the first century, describes martyr as a faithful witness (martus) who was slain among you, where Satan dwelleth (Revelation 2:13). In Bowersocks Martyrdom and Rome he highlights the point from the latter paragraph, that despite the use of the word itself in the New Testament, the meaning is by no means the same. Bowersock believes that it was not until the 2nd Century that the word martyr came to mean what is means today. Even though links can be drawn to earlier events, such as Nero at Rome which followed the great fire in 64, the change and the more relevant events come later. It is suggested by De Ste. Croix that from approximately 112 onwards Christians started to be prosecuted by pagans simply for being Christians the nomen Christianum, and Pliny states in a letter to Trajan that he executed those charged before me with being Christians.  [11]  The definition of the word martyr was emphasised when the title was turned down by the confessions of Lyons, as they did not actually die, and stated They are already martyrs whom Christ has deemed worthy to be taken up in their confession, having sealed their te stimony by their departure; but we are confessors mean and lowly.  [12]   The interesting movement that occurred, that is dissimilar to Jesus, Socrates and the Maccabees was the voluntary martyrdom. Not only were devote Christians willing to give their lives, they actually wanted to. This was something that very much puzzled the Roman Empire, and became interpreted as almost a provocation. But the sincerity was entirely there as proved by Perpetua and Germanicus. Voluntary martyrdom was in fact forbidden by the church, and those being executed voluntarily were said to be considered far less heroic. The bishops of the churches were supposed to refuse to the voluntary martyrs the honour of the name martyr, and this is backed up by a number of sources including Clement of Alexandria, Origen and Lactantius, the canons of the council of Elvira and the passion of Polycarp. Yet despite this, the martyrs were usually seen in high regarded, seen also as heroic figures.it has been said, notably by De Ste. Croix that it was a montanist practice in origin, however he then goes on to suggest that it began far earlier, but there is not sufficient evidence to back this up. Christian Martyrdom was essentially invented to prove the seriousness of the Christian faith. Initially those who were sentenced to death, did so graciously, without hesitation, yet not with the will of that being the case. These were described as glorious examples of resistance to tyrannical authority and painful suffering before unjust judges. Despite the development of martyrdom, and from that the stemming of voluntary martyrdom, it is made clear from Perpetua how difficult, and how much of a dilemma the Christians faced when deciding between sacrificing their beliefs, or their lives. It must be noted that the ambiguity of this invention can be partly resolved when considering that Christian martyrdom stems from Christian theology. Even though the discussion of the invention of martyrdom is centred around the denominations and figures mentioned above, none of the martyrs would have died if they were not following closely their religious beliefs, and obeying what the church required of them. It is impossible to say who invented Christian martyrdom, and I question whether invent is even the correct term to use in this context. The action came about due to devotion and faithfulness to the Christian religion, and thus became almost a tradition, in which followers showed their dedication to Christ and their one God. It was not invented for a particular purpose, but became something of a statement. Its roots are deeply embedded in the Jewish history concerning Jesus and then Socrates, as well as in the lives of St. Stephen the first Martyr and the many other Christian figures who gave their lives to support their faiths. Word Count: 1,950

St. Stanislas Kostka :: essays research papers

St. Stanislas Kostka Born at Rostkovo near Prasnysz, Poland, about October 28, 1550; died at Rome during the night of 14-15 August, 1568. He entered the Society of Jesus at Rome, October 28, 1567, and is said to have foretold his death a few days before it occurred. His father, John Kostka, was a senator of the Kingdom of Poland and Lord of Zakroczym; his mother was Margaret de Drobniy Kryska, the sister and niece of the Dukes Palatine of Masovia and the aunt of the celebrated Chancellor of Poland, Felix Kryski. The marriage was blessed with seven children, of whom Stanislas was the second. His older brother Paul survived him long enough to be present at the celebration of the beatification of Stanislas in 1605. The thought of joining the Society of Jesus had already entered the mind of the saintly young man. It was six months, however, before he ventured to speak of this to the superiors of the Society. At Vienna they hesitated to receive him, fearing the tempest that would probably be raised by his father against the Society, which had just quieted a storm that had broken out on account of other admissions to the Company. Stanislas quickly grasped the situation and formed the plan of applying to the general of the Society at Rome. The distance was five hundred leagues, which had to be made on foot, without equipment, or guide, or any other resources but the precarious charity that might be received on the road. The prospective dangers and humiliations of such a journey, however, did not alarm his courage. On the morning of the day on which he was to carry out his project he called his servant to him early and told him to notify his brother Paul and his tutor in the course of the morning that he would not be back that day to dinner. Then he started, taking the first opportunity to exchange the dress of gentleman for that of a mendicant, which was the only way to escape the curiosity of those he might meet. By nightfall Paul and the tutor comprehended that Stanislas had turned from them as he had threatened. They were seized with a fierce anger, and as the day was ended the fugitive had gained twenty-four hours over them. They started to follow him, but were not able to overtake him; either their exhausted horses refused to go farther, or a wheel of their carriage would break, or, as the tutor frankly declared, they had mistaken the route, having left the city by a St. Stanislas Kostka :: essays research papers St. Stanislas Kostka Born at Rostkovo near Prasnysz, Poland, about October 28, 1550; died at Rome during the night of 14-15 August, 1568. He entered the Society of Jesus at Rome, October 28, 1567, and is said to have foretold his death a few days before it occurred. His father, John Kostka, was a senator of the Kingdom of Poland and Lord of Zakroczym; his mother was Margaret de Drobniy Kryska, the sister and niece of the Dukes Palatine of Masovia and the aunt of the celebrated Chancellor of Poland, Felix Kryski. The marriage was blessed with seven children, of whom Stanislas was the second. His older brother Paul survived him long enough to be present at the celebration of the beatification of Stanislas in 1605. The thought of joining the Society of Jesus had already entered the mind of the saintly young man. It was six months, however, before he ventured to speak of this to the superiors of the Society. At Vienna they hesitated to receive him, fearing the tempest that would probably be raised by his father against the Society, which had just quieted a storm that had broken out on account of other admissions to the Company. Stanislas quickly grasped the situation and formed the plan of applying to the general of the Society at Rome. The distance was five hundred leagues, which had to be made on foot, without equipment, or guide, or any other resources but the precarious charity that might be received on the road. The prospective dangers and humiliations of such a journey, however, did not alarm his courage. On the morning of the day on which he was to carry out his project he called his servant to him early and told him to notify his brother Paul and his tutor in the course of the morning that he would not be back that day to dinner. Then he started, taking the first opportunity to exchange the dress of gentleman for that of a mendicant, which was the only way to escape the curiosity of those he might meet. By nightfall Paul and the tutor comprehended that Stanislas had turned from them as he had threatened. They were seized with a fierce anger, and as the day was ended the fugitive had gained twenty-four hours over them. They started to follow him, but were not able to overtake him; either their exhausted horses refused to go farther, or a wheel of their carriage would break, or, as the tutor frankly declared, they had mistaken the route, having left the city by a